30 Examples of Solids and Common Characteristics

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Philip Kelley

Some solid examples The different elements that make up the Earth and the Universe in general are ice, stones, diamonds, calcium, glass, plastic, salt, sand, iron, gold, bronze, among others..

Solid elements are one of the five states of matter together with liquid and gaseous, these three being called the fundamental states, as well as plasma and Bose-Einstein condensates..

The difference between the last two lies in the density of the particles that make them up. In this sense, matter is any body that has mass and occupies space.

In solids, the particles that are part of the structure of these materials are very close to each other, which prevents them from moving and forming a stronger structure than that of the other states..

Examples of 30 solids and their classification

Acid salts

1- Sodium chloride (NaCl), or common salt. This is an ionic-type crystalline solid, which means that it has one ion with a negative charge and one with a positive charge..

two- Aluminum oxide (Al2O3), is a ceramic material that is used in enamels and clays. It is an ionic crystalline solid.

3- Barium chloride (BaCl2) is a toxic salt, soluble in water. This is also an ionic crystal.

4- You go out. Salts are generally ionic crystalline solids.

5- Silicates. These are the most abundant on planet Earth, being made up of silicon and oxygen. They are ionic crystalline solids.

6- Ice. This is an example of a crystalline solid of molecular type.

Dry ice

7- Sugar (C12H22011). Like ice, it is a crystalline and molecular solid, which can dissolve in water.

8- Benzoic acid. Molecular crystalline solid.

9- Diamond. This gemstone is an example of a covalent lattice crystalline solid.

10- Amethyst. Like diamond, amethyst is a covalent crystal.

eleven- Emerald. Covalent lattice crystalline solid.

12- Sapphire. Covalent lattice crystalline solid.

Precious stones

13- Ruby. It is a covalent crystal.

14- Graphite. Covalent crystalline solid.

fifteen- Quartz. Covalent crystalline solid.

16- Mercury (Hg). It is a crystalline solid of a metallic type. Unlike other metals, it has a remarkably low melting point: -38.8 ° C.

17- Lithium (Li). Metallic crystalline solid.

18- Calcium (AC). Metallic crystalline solid.

Calcium hypochlorite.

19- Sodium (Na). Metallic crystalline solid.

twenty- Polypropylene. Solid of amorphous type.

twenty-one- Nylon. Amorphous solid.

22- Glass. Amorphous solid.

2. 3- Rubber. Amorphous solid.

24- Gel. Solid of amorphous type.

25- Plastic. Amorphous solid.

Plastic

26- Wax. Amorphous solid.

27- Polyethylene. Amorphous solid.

28- Silicone. Amorphous solid.

29- Tar. Amorphous solid. 

30- Cotton candy. Amorphous solid.

Characteristics of solid elements

Some of the most common characteristics of solid elements are as follows:

1 - They have particles with low kinetic energy (energy obtained from movement), because the proximity between these particles prevents them from moving.

2 - The electrons of the atoms that make up the solids are in motion, which generates small vibrations. However, the atoms remain fixed in place.

3 - Solids have a defined shape, which means that they do not take the shape of a container (as happens with liquids, for example).

4 - They have a defined volume.

5 - The particles of the solids are so united that the increase in pressure will not decrease the volume of the solid by compression.

Solids are divided into two main categories, according to how the particles that make them up are organized: crystalline solids and amorphous solids..

In crystalline solids, sometimes considered true solids, the atoms and molecules are arranged in a repeating, symmetrical pattern. These solids, in turn, can be of four types:

  • Ionic, composed of oppositely charged ions: an anion (negatively charged ion) and a cation (positively charged ion). They can be dissolved in water and conduct electricity.
  • Molecular, made up of molecules with covalent bonds (that is, bonds in which electrons are shared). Some of these can dissolve in water, while others cannot. It should be noted that molecular solids are not conductors of electricity.
  • Covalent network, in these solids there are no individual molecules, which means that the atoms are linked by covalent bonds in a continuous chain that results in a large crystal. They are very hard, do not dissolve in water and do not conduct electricity.
  • Metallic, These are opaque, glossy, malleable (can be shaped into sheets), and ductile (can be molded to create cables). They generally have a remarkably high melting point.

On the other hand, in amorphous solids, also called pseudosolids, the particles that make them up do not follow a defined pattern, hence the name "shapeless".

They do not have a defined melting point, but they fuse gradually since the bonds that make them up do not break at the same time (like melting candle wax).

References

  1. Bagley, Mary (2016). Matter: Definition & the Five States of Matter. Retrieved on May 23, 2017, from livescience.com
  2. Bagley, Mary (2014). Properties of Matter: Solids. Retrieved on May 23, 2017, from livescience.com
  3. List 10 types of solids, liquids and gases. Retrieved on May 23, 2017, from thoughtco.com
  4. Examples of solids, liquids and gases. Retrieved on May 23, 2017, from practicalphysics.org
  5. Solid. Retrieved on May 23, 2017, from en.wikipedia.org
  6. What are examples of solids? Retrieved on May 23, 2017, from quora.com
  7. Solids, Liquids & Gases. Retrieved on May 23, 2017, from myschoolhouse.com

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