We explain you how to make a bibliographic card o bibliography so that you can maintain a good organization during the writing process of any research document.
A bibliographic record is an annotation that is made at the end of an article or book with the information of the sources that have been used to make it. Include author, article or book title, publication date, publisher and pages.
On the other hand, a collection of bibliographic records helps to create an index for the accelerated search of information (such as a library catalog).
This useful and extremely accessible system, given its low cost, widely used worldwide, was invented by the Swedish scientist Carl Linnaeus around the year 1760..
Making it is simple and can be done manually or with computer programs. Here we will explain how to do it manually. At the end of this article you can see some bibliographic sources that have been used to make this article.
As a curiosity and so that you understand how a scientific article is cited correctly, I will give you a first example with one of the most cited articles in history:
Einstein, A. (1905). ¿It depends on the inertial mass of the Energy? Annals of Physics.
Article index
You must make a new bibliographic card each time you find a new source. Remember that you have to give proper credit to all sources to avoid plagiarism.
1- Write the author's last name, followed by a comma and a single name. If there is more than one author, add the other author / s or add the Latin phrase et al.
Example: Jung, C.
2- Then write the publication date. Example: (1994).
3- In the next line write the title of the article or book. If the source has no author, start with the title. To easily identify the title of the book, it should be underlined. Example: Archetypes and the collective unconscious.
4- In the following line write the city of publication, followed by a comma and the publisher of the book or the name of the journal where said article was published. Example: Barcelona, Paidós.
It would look like this: Jung, C. (1994). Archetypes and the collective unconscious. Barcelona, Paidós.
The example I have shown you is the most common; for articles or books. However, below I will show you examples in other cases.
Bibliographic citations can be short or long, and take different styles. Some of the most common styles are the APA (American Psychological Association), the MLA (Modern Language Association) or the Harvard Style.
In any quotation, the necessary data must be mentioned so that whoever reads it can find the source from which the information was taken. The minimum data contained by any citation is the name of the author and the year in which his work was published..
Some examples of bibliographic references in APA style can be found below:
To make a bibliographic reference of an online journal according to the APA style, it is very important to include the following elements:
1- Name: is the name of the person responsible for writing the journal article to be cited. It is to whom its creation is attributed. The first surname is put followed by the initials of the name, like this:
Jervis, T.
2- Date: is the date the article in question was published. It is written in parentheses after the author's name, like this:
Jervis, T. (November 13, 2017)
3- Title: is the name given by the author to his article. It is the way we can find the article in the magazine. Example:
How to make a bibliographic reference?
4- Name of the magazine: is the name that appears on the cover of the magazine from which the article was taken. It should be in italics, like this:
Money Magazine
5- Recovered from: address or URL where the article can be found.
Some examples of bibliographic references in APA style can be found below:
To make a bibliographic reference of a book according to the APA style, it is very important to include the following elements:
1- Author's Name: is the name of the person responsible for the writing of the book. It is to whom its creation is attributed. Usually your last name is placed first, followed by the initials of the first name.
In the case that several authors are being cited, their names must be separated by commas, like this:
JEervis, P. and Tatiana, M.
2- Year of publication: is the year the book in question was published. It is written in parentheses after the author's name, like this:
Jervis, P. (2017)
3- Book title: is the name given by the author to his work. It is the way we can find the book in a library. It is written in italics or slanted, like this:
A starry night in Paris
4- City and country of publication: is the geographic location where the book was published. It is located after the title of the book, like this:
A starry night in Paris. Medellin Colombia.
5- Publishing house: It is the company that was in charge of editing and publishing the work. It is the last item located in the appointment. An example would be the following:
Mejía Jervis Editores
Einstein, A. (1905). ¿It depends on the inertial mass of the Energy? Pages 639-641. Annals of Physics.
For a whole book:
Jiménez, I. (2005). Cemetery. Recovered from ikerjimenez.com.
For a particular chapter:
Jiménez, I. (2005). Beginnings in the cemetery (chapter name). Cemetery. Recovered from ikerjimenez.com.
Jiménez, I. (June 22, 2018). Conspiracies of history. Recovered from http://youtube.com/watch?v=TAoijfw3
Gates, B. [BillGates]. (June 22, 2018). Earlier this month, the world lost one of the greatest vaccine creators of our time. Dr. Adel Mahmoud saved the lives of countless children. Taken from https://twitter.com/BillGates/status/1009878621085986816.
We mentioned at the beginning of the text that the bibliographic cards were born from the hand of Carl Linnaeus.
This avant-garde of methodology and "father of modern taxonomy" needed a system to organize data that could be easily expanded and reorganized, so he wrote each piece of information on individual sheets that he added to his data collection.
However, the bibliographic cards, as they are known today, began to be used in libraries in the 1870s..
It should be noted that, once again and as always, each human innovation responds to the imminent satisfaction of a specific need: in this case at hand, it is about the organization of data.
The most common size for bibliographic cards is 3 by 5 inches (76.2 by 127 mm). Other available sizes include 4-by-6-inch (101.6 by 152.4 mm), 5-by-8-inch (127 by 203.2 mm) tab, and A7 (2.9 by 4.1-inch or 74 by 105 mm).
The bibliographic cards must be made on the white cards that come with a red line and several blue lines printed on it..
However, there are a variety of cards on the market in a variety of colors and with protruding tabs to better organize them, as well as various boxes and trays to store these cards..
It was not until the 1980s that the digitization of library catalogs began.
Therefore, before that date, the main tool used to locate the books were the bibliographic cards in which each book was described in three cards, classified alphabetically under its title, author and subject.
The adoption of standard cataloging protocols in all nations with international agreements, along with the emergence of the Internet and the conversion of cataloging systems into digital storage and retrieval, has made the widespread use of bibliographic records for cataloging obsolete..
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