The chemical elements of the biosphere terrestrial are carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and sulfur. 95% of the biosphere is made up of them. The biosphere is the part of the planet where all the ecosystems and living organisms in the atmosphere are included..
The biosphere includes part of the troposphere, the hydrosphere (oceans, seas and continental waters); and the lithosphere, the outermost part of the earth's crust.
The climate on earth is determined by various causes, both internal and external, and these change over time..
Solar activity, the relative earth-sun movement, (the eccentricity of the orbit changes every 100,000 years), the inclination of the Earth's axis (it changes every 41,000 years), are some external causes. Among the internal causes is the greenhouse effect.
Vegetables produce organic matter and oxygen thanks to solar energy and photosynthesis. In return they take carbon dioxide. Organisms, when breathing, capture oxygen and release carbon dioxide.
Calcareous shells, which contain carbon, when disintegrating become part of the oceans.
Seawater, being soluble, incorporates a quantity of carbon dioxide, and also releases a small quantity, similar to that of vegetables..
Most tissues are composed of carbon, a basic element for the production of carbohydrates, nucleic acids, lipids and proteins..
Nitrogen forms a cycle of four basic processes.
-Fixation: Nitrogen is transformed into ammonia, a form by which most organisms can take it up.
-Mineralization: is the transformation of ammonium into nitrogen by some bacteria.
-Nitrification: in the presence of oxygen, ammonium is transformed into nitrate.
-Denitrification:It is the passage of nitrite and nitrate to nitrogen and nitrogen oxide. Most of the nitrogen is in the atmosphere. More than 78% of the air is made up of nitrogen.
It is an essential component of DNA, RNA and proteins.
Some microorganisms transform sulfur into amino acids and proteins, through assimilative reduction. By dissimilative reduction, they transform it into sulfur, which is released into the environment.
Vegetation on land and plankton in the sea release parts of sulfur in the form of gases into the atmosphere. It is when it becomes sulfate again and is swept away and deposited by the rains, even at a long distance.
Sulfur is also part of proteins.
It is the essential element for the breathing of living beings. About a fifth of the air is oxygen. Living organisms consume oxygen and release carbon dioxide.
Photosynthetic elements, like the plant kingdom, consume carbon dioxide, releasing oxygen.
Oxygen exists in the form of diatomic molecules (O2), but it also exists in the triatomic form (O3), which is ozone. In the atmosphere forms a barrier to ultraviolet rays.
It is a fundamental element for all forms of life on earth. It has interference in metabolic processes, such as the formation of skeletons. It is essential in DNA, RNA and in many enzymes.
Phospholipids are involved in the construction of cell membranes and in bone marrow.
Vertebrate bones and teeth are made of phosphorus minerals. The human body needs about 650 grams of phosphorus on average, while other organisms need higher concentrations.
Yet No Comments