The education in Norway It is compulsory for ages 6 to 16 and begins in mid-August, running until the end of June of the following year. The Christmas holidays, from mid-December to early January, mark the school year in two periods, therefore, the second period would begin at the beginning of January.
Historically the organization of the educational system in Norway dates from medieval times that would include from the 5th to the 15th centuries. Shortly after the year 1153, Norway became diocesan, that is, its structures were under ecclesiastical jurisdiction, and "Catredalicias Schools" began to be built, with specific training for the clergy, and at a somewhat more advanced level for the rest of the population..
Some of the most representative are those of Trondheim, Oslo, Hamar, and Bergen.
Present appearance of the Oslo Cathedral School. By Helge Høifødt (Own work).
One year after the union between Norway and Denmark, forming a single political state, in 1537, the cathedral schools were converted to "Latin Schools", influenced by the Lutheran movement [1], which also meant that it was mandatory that all "Market Cities" or "Market Cities" had at least one Latino school.
In 1736, learning to read was compulsory for all children, but it did not take effect until years later. It is in the year 1827, when the folkeskole which would be translated as "the school of the people". In its beginnings, around the year 1889, it would be mandatory with a duration of 7 years, but later in the years it became mandatory with a duration of 9 years, which lasted until 1969.
Table 1. Subjects taught at the folkeskole
| Humanities. | Danish. English. Religion. Story. social Sciences. | Practical / creative. | Physical education. Music. Plastic. Sewing. Work at home. Domestic economy. |
| Sciences. | Math. Natural sciences / technology. Geography. biology. Physics and chemistry. | Mandatory. | Vial education. Sex and health education. Family studies. Career guidance and vocational counseling. 2nd Foreign language (German or French). |
In the 80s, the folkeskole for him grunnskole. Traditionally, the poorest counties in Norway, such as Finmmark and Hedmark, have the highest proportion of inhabitants who have only completed compulsory primary education, reaching 38% of their population at this educational level..
Fig. 3. Global literacy rate in 2013. By Alex12345yuri (Own work).
Fig. 4. Level of training in adults. (Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports, 2016)
The educational system today is divided into three parts:
Table 2. Levels in the Norwegian education system
| Obligatory. | Elemental school. Barneskole | From 6 to 13 years old. |
| High School, Lower Level. Undomsskole. | From 13 to 16 years old. | |
| High School, Upper Level. Videregående skole. | From 16 to 19 years old. |
Primary school, and lower secondary level are compulsory, and referred to as "Grunnskole ", which could be literally translated as "basic school".
The primary school, and the lower level of secondary education were reformed in 1997, and they went from being to 10 years of compulsory education, and not 9 as they had previously been, a new curriculum was also added. From there, the different municipalities in Norway are responsible for the operation and administration of their public schools..
The objective in Norway, regarding its educational system, is to have a high quality in schools that is capable of equipping individuals with the necessary tools, to add value to society as well as being able to build a sustainable future.
Furthermore, the Norwegian educational system (Ministry of Education And Research, 2007) is based on the principles of equality and learning adapted to each one within an inclusive environment..
All students, therefore, should develop key skills in the course of their education that serve them both in coping with the challenges of everyday life, as well as that they can experience a sense of achievement of their goals..
Elementary schools are divided into Grades 1 to 7, and ranges from ages 6 to 13.
In the first year of elementary school, students spend most of their time playing educational games, and learning social structures, such as the alphabet, simple math facts such as addition and subtraction, and basic English skills..
Between Grades 2 through 7, students are introduced to Mathematics, English Science, Religion (not only Christian, but also complemented with other religions, learning their place and history), Arts, and Music, supplemented with Geography, History , and Social Studies in Grade 5.
No grades are given to students in this period, but teachers often write some comments, or perform some analysis of students' progress, as well as sometimes an unofficial test is taken, which is taught to parents.
There is also an introductory test, so that the teacher can know if the student is above the average, or if, on the contrary, he needs some special assistance at school.
The lower levels of secondary education, ranging from Grades 8-10, and the ages are between 13 to 16 years, is where compulsory education would end.
When students enter the lower levels of secondary education, at 12 or 13 years of age, they begin to have grades based on their efforts or daily work. These qualifications, together with their location in the country, will determine whether or not they are accepted at the Institute of their choice..
Beginning in Grade 8, students may choose an elective course "valgfagThe typical subjects offered as electives are German, French and Spanish, in addition to advanced studies of English or Norwegian.
Before the educational reform that took place in August 2006, students could choose a practical elective, instead of the aforementioned languages. Adolescents who were born in 1999 and beyond were once again able to choose a purely practical elective course at the beginning of lower secondary school, thus being able to choose between two electives.
Students may take Grade 10 exams, which could lead to higher-level studies in high school, in a particular subject earlier than they should, as long as they have been granted an exemption in the elementary curriculum. or secondary of that subject.
In 2009, 15-year-old Norwegian students obtained the best results in the "Report of the International Program for Student Assessment" known as "PISA Report" due to its acronym in English (Program for International Student Assessment). and which is carried out by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), comparing them with other Scandinavian countries, with a significant improvement since 2006. However, in mathematics, the highest result was continued by Shanghai.
The subjects that are usually given between primary and the lower level of secondary education are (The Oslo Times, 2015):
The upper level of Secondary Education is three years of optional schooling and the ages between 16-19 years would go.
Recent changes in general society such as the few jobs available for those ages, such as the laws, make it practically inevitable that almost all citizens go through this school level, even if it is optional..
Fig. 5. Difference in the proportion of the population, by age range and distributed according to education level. (Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports, 2016)
Secondary education in Norway is practically based on public schools. In 2007, 93% of schools at this level were public, and until 2005, private schools were “illegal”, unless they offered a religious or pedagogical alternative..
So most of the private schools up to now were mostly Christian religious schools, and some that followed pedagogical models such as "Waldorf / Steiner [2]" and "Montessori [3]". Thus, the first private upper level secondary school was opened in 2005.
Prior to the 1994 educational reform, there were three branches of upper secondary education, which were:
After the reform, these branches ended up being combined into a single system, so that all branches, regardless of their purpose, had the same amount of general studies.
After the reform "Kunnskapsløftet"which can be translated as" the promise of knowledge "or" the rising of knowledge ", in the fall of 2006, a student can apply for general studies (studiespesialisering) or professional training (yrkesfag). Upper secondary schools generally offer a general and a professional curriculum.
Vocational studies usually follow a typical structure called the “2 + 2 model”: After two years that include workshops combined with short-term professional internships in industry, the student dedicates himself to apprenticeship for two years in a company or in a company. public institution. The apprenticeship is divided into a year of training and a year of actual work. However, some vocational training programs include 3 years of apprenticeship in upper secondary school, instead of 2.
The new reform also makes the incorporation of new technologies mandatory, and many counties responsible for public upper secondary schools offer laptops for general studies students, for a small deposit, or free depending on of the student's situation.
It is common for high school graduates to have parties in the middle of spring called "Russ." At these parties, it is common to wear a type of clothing in which one color predominates, and depending on this it indicates what type of studies have been completed.
The name of the teachers in Norway will depend on the studies they have, so it can be differentiated:
Studies that go beyond upper secondary school are considered as higher education, and normally last 3 years or more.
In order for a student to be accepted into most schools of higher education they must have obtained a general certificate of admission to the university (generell studiekompetanse).
This can be achieved by pursuing general studies in upper secondary school, or under new legislation, when a student is over 23 years of age, plus 5 years of education combined with work experience and having passed exams in Norwegian, mathematics, science natural, English and social studies.
Some grades also require special selective tests in second and third grade (for example, math and physics for engineering studies). Higher education can be broadly divided into:
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