The genres of Romanticism They are all the artistic manifestations that became popular with the emergence of this cultural movement in Europe at the end of the 18th century. Romanticism was produced to give the arts greater sentiment and sublime features. In addition, it was born to break the norms established by classicism..
The literary expressions that reached the most boom were poetry, prose and theater. These genres of Romanticism pursued creative freedom and sought to give a different perception of man, life and nature. On the other hand, the authors gave a predominant place to the traditional values of each nation.
The genres of Romanticism put aside reason to give way to emotions. For example, poetry became enormously expressive, prose became manners and described the most outstanding historical events of the time, while theater broke with the units of time, action and space..
There were many authors who joined the development of the genres of Romanticism with the intention of moving and not educating. Some of the most prominent were Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer, José de Espronceda, José Manuel de Larra, Jorge Isaacs, Rosalía de Castro and José Zorrilla.
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The genres of Romanticism that achieved greater recognition were poetry, theater and prose. The most outstanding characteristics of each of them are described below, as well as the most outstanding authors and works are mentioned:
The poetic work that was produced in Romanticism was characterized by exposing two types of content. The first was related to the legends and heroic acts that occurred specifically in medieval times. For its part, the second had to do with the emotional and sentimental. It also enjoyed a creative, subjective and expressive character..
Poetry also stood out for having many rhetorical, linguistic and symbolic resources. One of the most used figures was the metaphor. The feelings of man and his relationship with nature were exalted through exclamations and questions. In addition, the repetition of stanzas was applied throughout the poem to deepen the feelings.
The poetry of Romanticism also stood out for having metric variety in the verses, so the authors dedicated themselves to recovering the silva, the royal octave and romance. In the case of rhyme, the consonant predominated, all through a melancholic and emotional language linked to the feelings and mood of the poet..
Some of the most outstanding authors and works of romantic poetry were:
- Odes and ballads (1826).
- Autumn leaves (1832).
- The contemplations (1856).
- The punishments (1853).
- The legend of the centuries (1859).
- The pelayo (incomplete).
- Poetry (1840).
- The student from Salamanca (1837-1840).
- Devil world (1840-1841). Unfinished.
- Pirate song (1830).
- Rhymes and legends (1871, posthumous edition).
- Prometheus (1774).
- Roman Elegies (1795).
- Venetian epigrams (1796).
- The Corinthian Bride (1797).
- East and West Divan (1819).
- Childe Harold's Pilgrimages (1812-1818).
- The Giaour (1813).
- The siege of Corinth (1816).
- Manfred (1817).
- Don Juan (1819-1824). Incomplete.
- To Elena (1848).
- Annabel lee (1849).
- Do you want them to love you? (1845).
- The happiest day (1827).
- The sleeper (1831).
- Galician songs (1863).
- You fuck novas (1880).
- On the banks of the Sar (1884).
"It was after midnight,
old stories tell,
when in a dream and in silence
gloomy enveloped the earth,
the living dead seem,
the dead leave the grave.
It was the hour when perhaps
fearful voices sound
reports, in which they are heard
unspoken hollow footsteps,
and dreadful ghosts
in the thick darkness
they wander, and the dogs howl ... ".
Prose as a genre of Romanticism exposed two aspects of the narrative of great importance, which were the pictures of customs and historical novels. In these two demonstrations the love and respect for the nation was evidenced, as well as the exaltation of the traditions of each region..
For its part, the historical novel was based on the exploits of heroes, the authors raised the freedom of man and his ability to be supportive to help the least favored. The pictures of customs presented the daily life and the most outstanding aspects of the reality of individuals from different territories.
In the prose or romantic narrative the following authors stood out:
- Sancho saldana (1834).
- Peg leg (1835).
- The Lord of Bembibre (1844).
- Matritenses scenes (1832-1842).
- Matritense panorama: pictures of customs of the capital observed and described by a curious speaker (1835).
- Matritenses scenes and types (1851).
- Andalusian scenes (1846).
- The Three Musketeers (1844).
- The Count of Monte Cristo (1845).
- Twenty years later (1845).
- Queen Margot (1845).
- The Viscount of Bragelonne (1848).
- The black tulip (1850).
- The Mohicans of Paris (1854-1859).
- The case of the widow Lafarge (1866).
- Blanca de Beaulieu (1826).The knight Hector de Sainte-Hermine (1869).
- Frankenstein (1818).
- Mathilda (1819).
- Valperga; o Life and Adventures of Castruccio, Prince of Lucca (1823).
- The last man (1826).
- Perkin warbeck (1830).
- Lodore (1835).
- Falkner (1837).
- Wuthering Heights (1847).
- Sense and Sensibility (1811).
- Pride and prejudice (1813).
- Mansfield Park (1814).
- Emma (1815).
- Persuasion (1818, posthumous edition).
“… The alterations of life are not nearly as many as those of human feelings. For almost two years he had worked tirelessly for the sole purpose of bringing life into an inert body. For this I had deprived myself of rest and health. She had wanted him with a fervor that far exceeded moderation; but now that I had succeeded, the beauty of the dream was fading and disgust and horror washed over me. Unable to bear the sight of the being I had created, I rushed out of the room. In my bedroom, I walked around the room without being able to fall asleep ".
The theater within the Romantic movement was almost entirely dramatic. The plays were conceived with the aim of entertaining, distracting and exciting the public. This meant that the playwrights put aside the teaching role that the staging had in the age of classicism..
However, the theater presented several transformations that gave it special characteristics. Some of them are briefly described below:
The theater of Romanticism stood out for the creative freedom that the playwrights or authors gave to the works. Thus, the basic units of time, space and action were no longer used, which was due to the fact that the plot was more complicated and the actors required more time on stage..
As for the plot, it was usually carried out in three, four or five acts, all of which depended on the complexity of the drama. On the other hand, the theatrical pieces combined tragedy with comic events. At the same time, the dialogues were written in verse and prose.
The main themes that were dealt with in the plays of the romantic movement had to do with historical content of a legendary character and also with love events marked by social norms. Love, pain, hopelessness, betrayal, disappointment and tragedy were constant arguments.
The theater was characterized by having heroic characters, both female and male. The hero was a physically attractive man and attached to the ideas of love and freedom. On many occasions his experiences led him to tragedy and to fail his loved ones.
For her part, the protagonist or heroine was represented by beauty, sweetness and the fidelity of love. Her romantic essence led her to sacrifices for the loved one and to a life of passion, sadness, anguish and tragedy..
The stagings were characterized by the application of large sets designed to perfection to represent the drama. In general, the scene showed features typical of the castles of the Middle Ages, in addition the places were dark and gloomy. The plays were accompanied by sound and lighting effects.
The most outstanding authors and works of the theater of the romantic movement were:
- Aliate (1816).
- Arias Gonzalo (1827).
- The lighthouse of Malta (1828).
- Don Álvaro or The Force of Fate (1835).
- The Moorish of Alajuar (1841).
- The miraculous lily (1847).
- The dagger of the Goth (1843).
- Don Juan Tenorio (1844).
- It is better to arrive on time than to be around a year (1845).
- The mad king (1847).
- Creation and the universal flood (1848).
- Traitor, unconfessed and martyr (1849).
- Padilla's widow (1812).
- The girl at home and the mother in the mask (1815).
- Morayma (1815).
- The conspiracy of Venice (1830).
- Aben Humeya or The rebellion of the Moors (1836).
- Father's love (1849).
- The troubadour (1836).
- The page (1837).
- The monk king (1839).
- The Undercover of Valencia (1840).
- Fingal (1840).
- Zaida (1841).
- The lovers of Teruel (1837).
- Doña Mencia (1839).
- Alfonso the Chaste (1841).
- The swearing in Santa Gadea (1845).
- Pelayo's mother (1846).
- The light of the race (1852).
"Scene I
THE ROMAN MONK, to the fire.
HERMIT
What a storm threatens us!
What a night, heaven help me!
And this fire goes out ...
If it's drizzling ice!
How great God is conceived
in this loneliness!
From whom but from Him does he receive
his breath the tempest?
Whose is the terrible accent
and the brilliance that sparkles
when the wind hums angrily
and the zenith flashes? ".
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