Many of us have studied psychology undergraduate degrees or have heard of the "fathers of psychology." But what happens in the case of women? Were there not women who contributed or made some kind of contribution to psychology as a science?
Below is a brief analysis of the situation and contributions of some of the women (although not all) in the origin and development of psychology as a science.
She was the youngest daughter of Sigmund and Martha Freud. When he was born, his father had just confirmed the existence of the unconscious. As a child, she learned Hebrew, English, German, French, and Italian. From the age of fourteen she witnessed the debates of the Psychoanalytic Society and at the age of nineteen she graduated as a primary school teacher..
In 1922 he became a member of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Association. Her studies focused on the infantile psyche, publishing in 1927 her work on psychoanalysis for children, focused on the role of the environment in the development of the child and in which she exposes her play therapy, which confronted her with many of the great psychoanalysts such as Melanie Klein.
In 1931 she was appointed second vice president of the Society of Psychoanalysis. In 1936 he wrote "The Self and Defense Mechanisms", where he studied repression as an unconscious process..
After the death of his father, he managed and defended his legacy in the face of pressure and confrontations he received from the group that supported Klein. In 1941, together with her friend Dorothy, she founded a nursery school and later a clinic in Hampstead where they trained psychoanalysts and cared for children and their families..
After the Second World War, two recognized itineraries of psychoanalytic specialization were approved in London. He received various recognitions including the title of doctor honoris causa from Clark University (United States).
Christine Ladd-Franklin was the daughter of a wealthy merchant and the eldest of a family of three children. She was very influenced by her mother and aunt who defended women's rights.
He studied for two years with the boys who were going to enter Harvard and were trained at the Wesleyan Academy, after which he began at Vassar College (New York) where they educated women, graduating in 1869.
He worked as a math and science teacher, conducted various research and published various works related to mathematics. She focused her doctoral thesis on "the logic of algebra" although it was not official and she was not awarded the title of doctor, her research was published.
With his daughter Margarita, he became interested in color vision and their results were published in 1887 in the American Journal of Psychology, which allowed him to obtain a Doctorate in Arts and Letters..
She worked as an associate editor for the Baldwins Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, which she did until 1909, and as a professor at the University of Chicago. She was never admitted to the circle of experimental psychologists, but in 1926 the Johns Hopkins University awarded her a doctorate in recognition of her dissertation in 1882 on color vision and managed to publish these investigations.
One of the pioneers who excelled in psychology, overcoming various obstacles through her education. She was born in 1863 the first-born of a family with five children, her parents helped and supported her in her training, she decided not to marry and dedicate herself to science.
He studied at Smith College, graduating in philosophy and specializing in experimental psychology. He opened one of the first psychological laboratories in the United States at Wellesley University in 1891. He began his doctoral thesis under the direction of Hugo Munsterberg at Harvard University, defending his thesis on learning associated words in 1895, with which he obtained a unanimous vote in which it was declared that he had satisfied all the requirements to obtain the doctorate. However, the university filed this recommendation and it was not considered, not granting her the title of doctor..
Among his contributions we can highlight the invention of pareo-association, the psychological theory called "science of the self", the technique to study memory and research on dreams. She was the first president of the American Psychological Association in 1905 and of the American Philosophical Association in 1918 and published various publications (four books and more than one hundred articles).
She worked the rest of her life as a teacher at the Wellesley Colleg, an institution that allowed girls to have experimental training, until her retirement in 1927. This institution denounced the injustices of her time about the differentiation of the social roles of men and women and the gender differences in education.
He earned two honorary degrees, a Doctor of Letters from Columbia University and another in Law from Smith College. However, she never received a doctorate in psychology from Harward..
He received support and help from his family, so that he could pursue his studies, he decided not to marry and dedicate himself to science.
He studied at Aberystwyth College and in 1894 graduated in moral and mental sciences. After various difficulties in obtaining a doctorate since in principle she could only attend as an assistant, in 1901 she emigrated to Germany where she became the first woman to graduate from the University of Würzburg and the first English woman with a doctorate in psychology..
She returned to England and established a psychological laboratory at Bedford College, a women's university, which became a productive place for psychological research. In 1972 she received the title of professor of psychology, being the first woman in England with this title..
He worked at the university, made various publications, books and scientific articles, highlighting his book on emotional attitudes and the application of psychological knowledge to real life situations..
Napoleon's great-granddaughter stood out as one of the most outstanding psychoanalysts of the 20th century. Due to the influence of his father he studied mathematics, physics and physiology. After the first war he published his first text entitled "Military wars and social wars", in which he analyzed the repercussions of the war on the behavior patterns of societies..
She was a disciple of Freud in Vienna, and developed her theory of female sexuality based on the fact that nature did not create the woman herself, but endowed her with a juxtaposed virile component that she called the "bisexual condition of women.".
One of his most relevant works is “Monologues of life and death, female sexuality; Introduction to the theory of instincts ”. He wrote short stories, poetry, and began working to organize the French psychoanalytic movement, recording Freud's comments, writing psychoanalytic essays, and training as a psychoanalyst. In 1926 he founded the Paris Psychoanalytic Society and in 1934 he inaugurated the Institute of Psychoanalysis.
He was born in Vienna, in a simple and very religious family. She got engaged at 17 to Arthur Stevan Klein, an industrial chemist and studied Medicine (psychiatrist).
In 1918 M Klein attended the 5th International Psychoanalytic Congress, at which time she decided to dedicate herself to psychoanalysis, publishing her first work in 1920 and being accepted as a member of the Psychoanalytic Society. In 1922 she became a member of the Berlin Psychoanalytic Society (in that same year, Anna Freud became a member of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society).
The period 1928-39 is the most productive in the life of M. Klein, making various theoretical contributions and publications. In 1955 the Melanie Klein Association was founded, based on her theories.
The daughter of a merchant father and a dentist mother, she had three brothers and a sister who died. Her sister's death caused Sabine to be sent by her parents to a Zurich mental hospital in 1904, where she was diagnosed with mental hysteria. His doctor was Carl Gustav Jung who applied the psychoanalytic methods with success.
He studied at the medical school of the University of Zurich and in 1911, defended his thesis "on the psychological content of a case of schizophrenia"; of great relevance for being the first thesis in medicine in which this psychosis is designated according to Bleuler's terminology. He developed the ideas of connection between Thanatos and Eros, the death instinct and the prolonged generation instinct. Concepts taken up by Freud and that give rise to the theory of the duality of attractions, although at no time does he refer to Sabine.
In 1923, he left Germany where he had lived for 23 years, and returned to Russia where he gave lectures at the university and worked as a doctor. According to some records, it is known that 1942 Jewish civilians were killed in a mass grave, among which was Sabina with her two daughters..
Sabina Spielrein's diaries, dating from 1908 -1912, which were found 25 years ago in the basement of the Wilson Palace in Geneva (Switzerland), where the Institute of Psychology was formerly located, show that she had a great relationship and influence on Jung and Freud.
She trained as a teacher in Madrid, before the First World War she traveled to various institutions outside the country. She returned to Spain in 1923 as an expert in special education and with a diploma in psychology.
She worked as a professional counselor, was a pioneer in the field of psychotechnics and measurement with psychological tests, for which she collaborated in the National Institute of Psychotechnics founded in 1928. From 1931 she worked as a psychologist in the Juvenile Tutelary Court.
During the Civil War he held various positions such as the organization of child evaluation in Madrid and the direction of various re-education institutions for young offenders..
At the end of the war he had to go into exile in Bogotá despite the fact that he had not been a member of any political party, where he remained for eleven years during which he launched the first university student selection programs. In 1947 the Institute of Applied Psychology of the National University was created, which he directed and in which he conducted the training of psychologists, so today it is considered the pioneer of scientific psychology in Colombia and the pioneer of psychotechnics in different countries. From South America.
In 1948, at 59, she faced a second exile, moving to Puerto Rico where she worked as an education professor at the university, since there were no psychology studies, and she performed psychological therapies for North American veterans. In 1958 she was named president of the Puerto Rico Psychology Association and in 1971 she received the first National Psychology Award from the Colombian Federation of Psychology..
In short, the figure of women has been invisibility in the origins of psychology as a science, as in the history of other sciences. These women are just some examples of both the obstacles they experienced and the contributions they made, and thanks to all of them, progress has been made towards greater equality in the scientific field..
At present, the situation in science tends to be considered as a situation of equality. However, there is still a long way to go since despite the fact that psychology is clearly feminized, due to a greater number of students and professionals compared to other sciences, there are still mechanisms and obstacles for women, who no longer manifest as clearly and directly as in the past, but through more subtle and / or covert ways.
Yet No Comments