The perspectivism It is a philosophical theory whose thesis proposes that there is no single knowledge or absolute truth of the world, but multiple and varied interpretations or points of view of it.
This doctrine states that all perceptions, schemes or concepts come from a particular perspective. This approach was initially made by Leibniz and later developed by other philosophers such as Ortega y Gasset, Friedrich Nietzsche Gustav Teichmüler and Ernst Nolte..
It maintains that the human being approaches the world from the interpretation and the individual point of view from his own experience and reason.
Since time immemorial there have always been these reflections on perspectives, as well as the questioning of truth as an objective fact. The human being has tried to reach the deepest knowledge, and the philosophers and thinkers forging the modern world approached this area more diligently.
Article index
In the 19th century, the German philosopher Gustav Teichmüler defined the term perspectivism as the various ways of reaching the knowledge of a reality, considering the justification of each of these.
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz developed a broader theory about perspectivism on several central axes. The first axis focuses on the ideas of metaphysical reason, which are those that lead us to truths beyond scientific knowledge..
The second axis is related to the fact that the human perspective is finite and limited, and that it starts from one's own perceptual and reasoning capacities. This is explained because we occupy a certain place in the world in time and space.
Leibniz also argues that knowledge is the evaluative interpretation of each interpreter and focuses his philosophical analysis on the power of life, beliefs, the everyday and the way in which the human being reasons about these elements.
Nietzsche proposed as impossible the fact of knowing the true reality, since the vision and interpretation of each individual is given from his perception, from a place and a specific moment; this makes zooming subjective.
According to Nietzsche, facts do not exist as such, there is only the interpretation that each one makes of them, and that human perspective is loaded with all individual beliefs and ideas that are far from being objective and, therefore, true..
Likewise, the philosopher explains that there is no real nature of objects either because the observer's gaze will always be an interpretation: there are different perspectives from which one can and wants to look at an element, all of these full of circumstances that vitiate and deviate the essence real of said object.
José Ortega y Gasset was a 20th century Spanish philosopher who is one of the most important exponents of perspectivism.
This thinker affirmed that the truth could be reached incorporating all the possible individual contributions from his reality.
Every human being is inseparably linked to every personal circumstance. Each experience, meditation and analysis of that personal reality is unique and, therefore, each perspective on the truth is unpublished and personal..
From this idea arises the well-known phrase "I am me and my circumstances" that comes from Ortega's analysis of the existence of the self with "things", referring both to the material and immaterial creation of each individual and to their particular perception.
-Perspectivism is based on philosophical precepts that propose the constant relativity of knowledge. There is no purity in perceptions, so the capture occurs from the process of observing things, from a perspective focused on personal experience.
-This theory does not accept the alternative of the global perspective, which suggests accepting the different points of view so that reality itself becomes accessible to all. In such a way that perspectivism categorically rejects this notion of an integrative perspective since it borders on incongruity.
-From the field of vision, perspectivism implies the way in which the eye physically captures objects. Focuses on the spatial characteristics and measurements of the element, and on the relative position of the visual organ in terms of distance and location of objects.
-Perspectivism dismisses the ideas of philosophers like Kant, Descartes and Plato, who maintain that reality is an immovable and absolutely concrete and objective event. They indicate that it is impossible to make an evaluation from this point of view.
-For the theorists of perspectivism, there is no absolute truth or categorical ethics, just as there is no definitive epistemology. The truth is created from the study and the conjunction of diverse points of view that justify it, regardless of the context and culture from which they come.
Leibniz's most emblematic work is Dissertation on combinatorial art, which came to light in 1666. The publication of this text was controversial since the work was published without having the necessary permits from Leibniz.
Although the philosopher repeatedly expressed his disagreement with the early publication of the work, it brought a new point of view for the time and helped develop his legitimacy as a philosopher..
On Dissertation on combinatorial art Lebniz proposes a kind of alphabet associated with the thought that he took from Descartes. The idea behind this notion was to point out that all concepts are formed through simpler ones; proposed a rational and systematic way of breaking down big ideas.
Between 1686 and 1714 Leibniz wrote and published New essays on human understanding, Discourse on metaphysics, Theodicy Y Monadology.
Between 1872 and 1879 Nietzsche published an important number of works, among which stand out The origin of tragedy in the spirit of music, Untimely considerations Y Human, too human.
In the 80s it had its most intense period of creation of diverse works, among which are dawn, Thus spoke Zarathustra, On the Genealogy of Morality, Beyond Good and Evil, The Antichrist, the Twilight of the Idols Y Nietzsche vs. Wagner.
This last book was written in the last years of the philosopher's lucidity and details in the form of an essay his considerations on the German composer Richard Wagner, who was also his close friend..
Nietzsche speaks of the philosophical approach to art, music and Wagner's tone and also expresses the disappointment he feels at the personal decisions that the composer made, such as converting to Christianity.
Among the most relevant works of Ortega y Gasset are Don Quixote Meditations Y Old and new politics, both published in 1914.
Between 1916 and 1920 he had various publications such as The spectator I, The spectator II Y People, works, things.
In the 1920s he published other works. Among the main ones are The spectator III, The topic of our time, Invertebrate Spain. Sketch of some historical thoughts, The dehumanization of art and ideas about the novel, The spectator IV Y Kant.
Between 1930 and 1940 his work stood out especially the Rebelion of the mass, the best known of the philosopher. The central object of the book, translated into more than 20 languages, is to develop the relationship between the notions of mass and man, the characteristics of agglomerations and everything that implies that the minority is subdued by the majority.
Other works published in that decade were Goethe from within, Around Galileo, Enssimism and alteration, Studies on love Y Theory of Andalusia and other essays.
After his death in 1955, the compilation of the lectures given between 1928 and 1929 was published with the title Leibniz's idea of principle and the evolution of deductive theory.
Yet No Comments