The logic study how to evaluate reasoning and arguments. Proposes the use of reasonable or correct arguments through critical thinking.
According to logic, a valid thought is one that has a logical support or relationship with an argument that is correct.
Through critical thinking, logic is capable of evaluating the veracity and validity of all arguments. In this way, it separates the truth from the inventions and falsehoods.
When you want to evaluate an argument, statement or idea, it is essential to use critical thinking to determine its veracity..
This process is important since, according to logic, there are no trivial searches, all analysis leads to making good decisions and forming correct ideas about the world (Cline, 2017).
Logic is a tool that helps to develop reasonable conclusions based on certain information. These conclusions are alien to all kinds of emotions and treat information in its purest form.
In this way, logic is divided into multiple categories including informal, formal, symbolic, and mathematical logic..
There is no universal agreement that determines the exact spectrum of matter covered by logic. However, logic has traditionally included the following subjects of study:
Historically, logic has been studied by philosophy. The first samples of the study of this science date from Ancient Greece.
Since the 19th century and to date, logic has been responsible for dealing with mathematical problems and information related to computer science, linguistics, psychology and other fields.
Informal logic is what we use daily to analyze situations, reason about everyday events, and issue arguments. It consists of two types of reasoning: deductive and inductive (Study.com, 2017).
It is the first type of informal logical reasoning and is characterized by using information from a wide group of conventions, and then applying that information to any element that is within the same conventions. An example would be structured as follows:
The major premise makes a statement that encompasses all members of a profession. The minor premise identifies a member of that profession. The conclusion declares an attribute or characteristic about that person taking into account what is stated by the major premise.
It is important to clarify that deductive thinking only works when both premises are true..
Using generalizing words like "all" immediately nullifies the validity of an argument. However, when using terms such as “some”, the premise is more likely to be accepted (SEP, 2017).
This type of reasoning uses specific information from a general conclusion. It operates opposite to deductive reasoning. An example would be structured as follows:
In this example, we have a small group of data (two days to arrive at work on time) and we have concluded that this event will always be the same.
Inductive reasoning requires a lot of data, the more data you have on hand, the easier it is to make a valid conclusion. Having only two pieces of information is not enough.
Formal logic is based on deductive reasoning and the validity of the inferences produced. For an argument to work, the conclusion must logically follow the premises and they must be true (Schagrin & Hughes, 2017).
Within formal logic, the inferences that take place within informal logic are represented as follows:
It does not matter which premise is used to represent variables A, B, and C., as long as those premises are true. In this way, the conclusion will always be valid and verifiable..
The term "critical thinking" is commonly used incorrectly. Critical thinking is, in short, the rational and reliable evaluation of an argument or idea (DeLecce, 2012).
Critical thinking is the means of separating the truth from the fallacies and reasonable beliefs from those that are not. It often involves finding fault with the arguments of others, but it is not just about this..
Critical thinking is not only responsible for criticizing ideas, since its objective is to be able to develop the ability to think about ideas from a greater critical distance (Glaser, 2015).
Logical fallacies are incorrectly reasoned statements. There are many types of fallacies, but the following are the most important:
The literal translation of this term is "to the person." This happens when attacking the person instead of attacking the argument.
People use stereotypes all the time, many times without knowing that we are doing it. Many premises are based on stereotypes that have no logical validity.
When we reach a conclusion without having enough data, we incur a fallacy due to lack of information.
Information is often simplified. A false dilemma implies that there are only two options, that is, you are for or against a premise, there is no third position.
The Latin translation of this term means "it happened before this, then it happened because of this." A good way to exemplify this fallacy is to say “whenever I wash my car, it rains” (Dowden, 2017).
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