The calcium sulfate It is a ternary salt of calcium, alkaline earth metal (Mr. Becambara), sulfur and oxygen. Its chemical formula is CaSO4, which means that for each cation Catwo+ there is an anion SO4two- interacting with it. It constitutes a compound with wide distribution in nature.
Its most abundant forms are CaSO42HtwoO (gypsum) and the anhydrous form CaSO4 (the anhydrite). There is also a third form: plaster of Paris, produced by heating the plaster (hemidrate, CaSO41 / 2HtwoOR). The lower image shows a solid portion of this ternary salt, with its whitish appearance..
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The upper image shows the orthorhombic unit cell for CaSO4. Here it is assumed that the interactions are purely electrostatic; that is, the cations Catwo+ attract the tetrahedral anions SO4two-.
However, the Catwo+ it is highly prone to coordinate, forming polyhedral structures around it. For what is this? To the electronic availability of calcium to accept electrons of basic or negative species (such as the O atoms of SO4two-).
Considering the previous point, now the Ca ionstwo+ They accept dative links (provided by the Os) and the unit cell is transformed, as indicated in the image below:
Consequently, the polyhedron CaO is formed8 (the green sphere of Catwo+ surrounded by eight red spheres of O from the SO tetrahedra4 nearby). Calcium polyhedra and sulfate tetrahedra; this is the crystal structure of CaSO4 anhydrous.
Additionally, when the crystals hydrate - forming the di-hydrated salt or the hemidrate (CaSO41/2 HtwoO) - the structure expands to incorporate water molecules.
These molecules can intercalate and coordinate with calcium; that is, they replace one or two sulfate groups.
On the other hand, not all the water becomes part of the CaO polyhedron.8. Some, on the other hand, form hydrogen bonds with sulfates. These serve as a union for two zigzag sections, products of the arrangement of the ions in the crystal.
CaSO4 nH2O.
136.134 g / mol.
It is odorless.
In the case of anhydrite, it looks like a white powder or solid orthorhombic or monoclinic crystals. The crystals are of a variable color: they can be white or with a bluish, grayish, or reddish tint; can also be brick red.
2.96 g / cm3 (anhydrous form). 2.32 gr / cm3 (dihydrate form).
1450 ° C (2840 ° F). Characteristic of strong electrostatic interactions between divalent Ca ionstwo+ And so4two-.
0.2-0.3% in water at 25 ° C. It is poorly soluble in water and insoluble in ethanol.
Stable at room temperature.
It is used in the elaboration of stucco to frize the walls of homes and other constructions that contribute to its beautification. In addition, reliefs are made by means of molds in the ceilings and window frames. The plaster is also in the ceilings.
Calcium sulfate is used to help solve the problem that occurs in the hydration of concrete, thus collaborating in the construction of roads, avenues, etc..
With the plaster sculptures are made, especially religious figures, and in cemeteries they are used on tombstones.
Experimentally, sterile calcium sulfate pieces have been used in veterinary medicine to repair bone defects or cavities, such as those left by wounds or tumors..
Plaster of Paris can be used to repair bone defects because of its unique ability to stimulate osteogenesis. X-ray studies and technetium (Tc99m) medronate support the use of plaster of Paris as an alloplastic and its osteogenic capacity when implanted in the frontal sinus.
Bone regeneration has been demonstrated in six dogs in a period of 4 to 6 months. Calcium sulfate began to be used in this field in 1957, in the form of plaster of paris tablets, filling defects in the bones of dogs..
The bone substitution of calcium sulfate is comparable to that observed in autogenic bone.
Ruhaimi (2001) applied calcium sulfate to a recently destroyed rabbit jaw bone, observing an increase in osteogenesis and bone calcification..
Calcium sulfate is used in medicine to immobilize joints that have suffered dislocations and in fractured bones, as well as being used as an excipient in the manufacture of tablets..
In dentistry it is used as a basis for making dental prostheses, in restorations and impressions of teeth..
It is used as a coagulant in the production of tofu, a food made with soy and widely consumed in eastern countries as a substitute for meat. In addition, it has been used as a firming of food and in the treatment of flours.
Gypsum (CaSO42HtwoO) was used as a fertilizer in Europe since the 18th century, having the advantage over the use of lime as a source of calcium for greater mobility.
Calcium must be available to the roots of the plants for its adequate supply. So the addition of calcium improves horticultural and groundnut (peanut) crops..
Peanut root rot caused by biological pathogens, as well as watermelon and tomato blossom end rot, are partially controlled with agricultural gypsum applications..
Gypsum helps to reduce the dispersion of clay, which causes the formation of crusts on the ground. By reducing the crusts formed on the ground, the plaster facilitates the exit of the seedlings. It also increases the entry of air and water to the ground.
Gypsum helps to improve the soil by mitigating the acidity and toxicity of aluminum, thus adapting the crop for sodium soils.
Calcium sulfate reacts with ammonium bicarbonate to form ammonium sulfate. It has also been used in the sulfuric acid production process.
Anhydrous calcium sulfate is mixed with shale or lean and, as the mixture is heated, sulfur trioxide is released in gaseous form. Sulfur oxide is a precursor to sulfuric acid.
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