The fundamental tissue or soil tissue, in botany, is a tissue composed of cells of the parenchyma (mainly), collenchyma and sclerenchyma. The cells of these tissues can be located throughout the plant or in specific places or structures, have different morphological characteristics and perform multiple functions in the plant.
The functions of this tissue are essential for the survival of the plant, since it participates in storage, structural and mechanical support, food production (via photosynthesis), regeneration, among other functions..
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The fundamental tissue is made up of three types of cells:
They are the most abundant cells in the fundamental tissue that come from the parenchymal tissue, a poorly specialized tissue formed by living cells. These cells have a complex physiology, have vacuoles and their primary walls are thin, although on rare occasions they can become thick..
Additionally, these cells divide by mitosis and remain alive after reaching maturity. They have various shapes that will depend on their location in the plant as well as their function; These shapes can be imperfect spherical, stellate, polyhedral and even branched.
They have air-filled spaces at the vertices or corners of the cell. They generally do not have chloroplasts (with some exceptions), but they do have leukoplasts. Its vacuoles store tannins, crystals and other compounds.
Cylindrical cells perpendicular to the surface, which present abundant chloroplasts and are separated by intercellular spaces. They are found in the green areas of the plant, under the epidermis.
Cells form two types of chlorophyll tissue; the so-called lagoon or spongy tissue, which is located in the part where there is more shadow on the leaf, and the palisade tissue, located in the area where there is greater exposure to sunlight.
Cells without chloroplasts are abundant in rhizomes, aerial stems, and in roots such as potatoes, beets, and carrots. They have also been observed in seeds, fruit pulps and in the stem of sugar cane..
They are typical plant cells that inhabit aquatic and humid environments. They have irregular shapes, with large spaces between one cell and another. They are found in both roots and stems.
At least three production mechanisms are known for these cells and tissues, which are related to the way in which gas spaces or cavities are created..
They are cells that store water. Although almost all cells do, in these the proportions of the liquid are higher than in the rest, that is, they have a high degree of specificity for this function. They are large, vacuolated cells, with thin walls. They are located in the underground organs.
They are characteristic of xerophilous plants (cacti and prickly pears for example), that is, they live in dry environments.
They are responsible for giving elasticity and solidity to the plant, they are living cells. These cells agglomerate or form a compact mass, they remain alive after maturing. They have walls composed of pectin and cellulose, with secondary thickening or widening of irregular shape. They do not have lignin.
They have a rectangular, elongated or prismatic shape, that is, in the shape of a polyhedron. When they are cross-cut, they are polygonal. They can measure up to 2 millimeters and generally do not present chloroplasts, but sometimes they present tannins..
Cells whose walls have a pronounced thickening at the angles where they join with other cells.
Cells that have thickening in the walls that are parallel (tangential) to the surface of the organ.
The cells present thickening or widening of the walls towards the intercellular spaces.
They are dead cells, they have a thickened secondary wall, composed of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. They die upon reaching maturity. They are arranged in a compact mass.
They come in a wide variety of shapes and sizes. They are classified according to their location in the plant. They have secondary walls with lignin. Sometimes they are nucleated living cells.
Also called sclereids, they present a great variety of forms; they can be short, elongated, with thin and bulging shapes distally, polyhedral, branched, etc. They are generally dead cells, with walls that vary in thickness. They are found throughout the body of the plant.
As we have already described before, the fundamental tissue or system is made up of cells from three different tissues and their functions are as follows:
These cells have multiple functions in the plant. In the first place, its function is to reactivate meristematic activity, an activity responsible for plant growth. These cells are responsible for tissue regeneration, healing, and the production of new roots and shoots..
They participate in photosynthesis, food production, and gas exchange; they also store sugars, fats, proteins, and water. They are part of the filler tissue of any organ of the plant and also provide buoyancy to some aquatic plants.
The cells that form the collenchyma tissue are responsible for providing support and structure to the plants, essentially in the growth areas, such as leaves and shoots, not in roots. They also provide support and support in adult plant organs that do not produce much sclerenchyma..
These cells, like those of the collenchyma, make up the tissue that provides support and support to the plant that has stopped lengthening or growing. It provides the plant with elasticity and resistance to mechanical actions such as twisting, weight or stretching..
The presence of lignin and the thick and hard walls in these cells are the basis of the strength and rigidity of the cell, and also protect it from external physical, biological and chemical attacks..
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