Exeresis is a medical term that refers to the removal of an organ or tissue from the human body. The concept encompasses both the taking of a biopsy sample and the removal of a damaged or dysfunctional organ. This procedure constitutes, then, a surgical technique that must be performed by trained personnel..
Surgical techniques are as old as mankind. The development of surgery was born from the need to perform an instrumental procedure to cure a disease. Trepanation -extraction of a cranial fragment for therapeutic purposes- is a clear example of this.
Excision is a surgical procedure that requires compliance with certain rules to achieve its objective. It is necessary to have adequate instruments, respect the standards of asepsis and anesthesia or sedation of the patient.
There are terms related to excision such as resection, excision, ablation or excisional biopsy. All of them explain the extraction -through surgery- of a tissue from the human body, partially or totally.
The suffix -ectomy that is associated with the name of an organ or tissue, serves to define the extraction of these. An example is cholecystectomy or surgery to remove the gallbladder..
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Procedures that involve tissue excision are intended to remove tissue when it is abnormal, damaged, or not working. In this sense, these procedures are useful for both therapeutic and diagnostic purposes..
There are pathologies, such as tumors, that pose a problem that affects the normal life of a patient. The indication for any surgery -including the resection of an organ- is the risk to health or life.
The biopsy represents one of the most accurate diagnostic procedures that exist. The observation of tissue samples -both macroscopically and microscopically- shows alterations in them, and the need for treatment. It is a useful tool to determine both the damage and the viability of a tissue.
To carry out this procedure, the cutting and separation -exeresis- of a sample of the affected area is required. According to the resection performed, the biopsy is classified as excisional or incisional.
It consists of the total removal of the lesion or affected tissue. In this case, the procedure has a therapeutic and diagnostic character. The biopsy result indicates whether further complementary treatments are necessary.
This technique is directly related to the concept of excision or excision..
When a lesion is very extensive or a diagnosis needs clarification, this procedure is used. The goal is to take a representative tissue sample for study and diagnosis. According to the result obtained, it is decided whether or not the complete resection of the lesion is appropriate..
Occasionally the sample required is so small that it only involves the use of needle aspiration.
It involves the execution of surgical techniques in order to remove injuries, damaged or unnecessary tissue from the body. The main utility of excision is to restore organic functioning and, consequently, the health of the individual.
There are countless procedures in which exeresis is used. The number of existing procedures is proportional to the types of injuries. In each case the applied technique will be different, according to the injury. It is used in both minor procedures and major surgeries.
In these disciplines its use is indicated both for tooth extractions and tumor resection. In maxillary and oral surgery the repair of damaged areas sometimes requires the removal of the affected tissue.
Procedures are indicated for the removal of skin lesions and tumors. Onychrectomy and matricectomy -indicated in the treatment of onychocryptosis- involve the partial or total extraction of the nails.
Burns cause skin and soft tissue damage that must be removed to allow healing.
The field of surgery is wide. Each surgical subspecialty has a procedure according to the specific area it dominates. Some examples of more frequent surgeries are:
- Removal of tumors from the nervous system.
- Adenoidectomy and tonsillectomy, also known as tonsillectomy.
- Thyroidectomy.
- Cholecystectomy.
- Splenectomy.
- Gastrectomy.
- Colectomy and hemi-colectomy.
- Appendectomy.
- Excision of benign tumors in different areas of the body
Involves removal of malignant or carcinomatous tumors.
- Gynecological area tumors.
- Hysterectomy.
- Oophorectomy and salpingectomy, corresponding to the excision of the ovaries and adnexa.
The extraction of bone segments and joints for their prosthetic replacement. Amputations are considered a form of excision that involves the partial or total removal of a limb.
- Prostatectomy.
- Urinary tract tumors.
- Nephrectomy.
- Lithotripsy.
This discipline involves the complete removal of a damaged or non-functional organ. The purpose is the replacement by an organ that comes from a compatible donor.
The diagnosis of a disease is important for making therapeutic decisions. For the removal of a damaged organ or tissue, the following must be taken into account:
- The role it plays.
- The morphological or functional alteration that its absence will produce.
- The importance of maintaining life, as in the case of the heart, lungs or kidneys.
- The physical appearance, aesthetics and possible deformities that may occur.
Excision or resection -both lesions and organs- can be divided according to their total and partial extension.
It involves the complete resection or removal of an organ or tissue. Here the morphofunctional characteristics of the affected area are considered when deciding to carry out the procedure. Tumors are almost always completely removed, when their extension does not compromise vital areas or functions.
Thyroidectomy - removal of the thyroid gland - can be total, given oral hormone replacement. The uterus, ovaries, and adnexa are important but not vital organs and can be completely removed. Similarly, the prostate in men.
Paired organs -such as lungs and kidneys- allow complete exeresis of one of them, while the other is functional.
It constitutes the resection of a portion of the affected tissue or organ, maintaining its function and occasionally its shape. Its use is intended for cases in which the lesion is localized and allows it to be removed without the risk of recurrence. In the case of organs, we also speak of segmental resection or exeresis.
Partial removal of tumors is because their structure can spread to vital areas.
Excision, as a surgical procedure, involves the use of suitable instruments for its execution. This includes:
- Sterile lingerie, such as sheets and fields, in addition to gowns, hats, masks, and boot covers.
- Sterile gauze pads, pads, and gloves
- Syringes and needles.
- Anesthetics.
Useful for approaching the operative area, allowing the separation of the planes and access to the site of the injury. They also allow cutting of superficial and deep lesions.
- Scalpel, blade and scalpel handle.
- Metzembaum and Mayo scissors
- Electric scalpel, for cutting and coagulation. A variant used in neurosurgery is electro bipolar, with a more delicate and precise cut..
- Other instruments are used for cutting bone, used in traumatology, neurosurgery and thoracic surgery..
Used to expand the operative area. They are divided into manual and fixed
- Deavers
- Farabeuf
- Malleable leaflets
- Richardson
- Senn miller
-Fixed dividers such as Balfour, Gosset and Finochieto.
Other separators are used in special surgeries, such as Gelpy, Weitlaner, mastoid, Belkman Adson separators
They are forceps used to fix or capture tissues
- Allis
- Judo-Allis
- Backhaus
- Flat, serrated dissection, which can be short or long.
- Flat and Serrated Adson Dissection
To occlude a blood vessel or stop tissue bleeding. They are generally articulated and lockable forceps. The electrosurgical unit is included in this group.
- Straight and curved mosquito
- Kelly straight and curvy
- Kelly Adson straight and curvy
They allow the closure of the deep and superficial planes at the end of the surgical procedure.
- Needle carrier
- Needle sutures
- Suture thread
- Widowed needles
- Metzembaum scissors
- Mayo scissors
- Cryles clamp
- Flat Serrated Dissecting Forceps.
Instruments for biopsies
- Aspiration needles.
- Punch or punch.
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