Short and long term memory

Short term memory refers to the entire cognitive system in charge of processing stimuli for a short period of time.

Long term memory It is the cognitive part in charge of processing information and storing it for a long time..

Short and long-term memory are one of the most important types of human memory, because they are involved in the learning process.

	Short term memory	Long term memory
Definition	Cognitive processes responsible for storing information for a short time	Cognitive processes responsible for storing information for a long time.
Types or systems	Operating system. Phonological loop. Visual spatial system. Episodic warehouse.	Explicit memory. Implicit memory.
Data permanence time	Short, 7 to 40 seconds.	Prolonged, can be minutes, years or decades.
Examples	Remember the first sentence of a conversation.	Remember how to ride a bicycle.

Short term memory

Short-term memory (MCP) is all the brain and cognitive processes that allow the human being to receive external stimuli and encode, process and store them for a limited time that goes between seven to 40 seconds..

The amount of stimuli that can be stored in short-term memory is also limited, since the average is 7 elements, with a difference of two elements for excess or deficit.

This figure only represents an average, since there are people who can store a greater amount of information. In these cases, several factors influence, such as the emotional associations that the person makes to retain the information or the length of the data to be memorized..

On the other hand, in short-term memory the received stimuli can be discarded if they are not relevant. But if they are very persistent they can go into long-term memory.

Types of short-term memory

Short-term memory has 4 systems that are responsible for retaining different types of data:

Operating system

Regulates the entire short-term memory system.

Phonological loop

It retains verbal information and is the system responsible for the internal speech that we maintain when we repeat something to memorize it.

Viso spatial agenda

It is the system that is only in charge of visual and spatial information.

Episodic warehouse

It is the system that is responsible for retaining multiple data that allow to have a global memory (visual, verbal and spatial data).

Examples of short-term memory

Here are some everyday examples where short-term memory plays a role:

• When they dictate an address or a phone number and we repeat it internally to remember it.
• When we read a book and remember the first sentence in order to understand the next sentence.
• When we learn the chorus of a song that we are hearing for the first time.

Long term memory

Long-term memory is made up of a series of cognitive processes that allow information to be stored for periods of time that can be minutes, years or decades.

In long-term memory, short-term memory plays an essential role, since the latter acts as the entry point for the data that will become permanent..

In addition to storing sensory stimuli (images, sounds, movements, smells, etc.), long-term memory also contains all the essential information about human behavior. His particular visions on fundamental values ​​such as truth, justice, freedom, respect for himself and for others, etc. are stored in this cognitive area.

Long-term memory types

There are two types of long-term memory:

Explicit or declarative memory

It involves the storage of objective information essential to understand the functioning of the world and subjective information that we use to associate certain memories. Explicit memory, in turn, is divided into two types:

Semantic memory

They are all the processes in charge of memorizing information relevant to our learning process. This includes language and vocabulary, knowledge acquired in school, and the association of ideas or concepts..

Episodic memory

Stores information related to specific episodes of personal life. Depending on the emotional impact they have had, they will become part (or not) of long-term memory.

Implicit or non-declarative memory

It is a type of memory that allows us to save and retrieve information related to motor skills.

Examples of long-term memory

• Remember how to do basic math operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division).
• Remember a special event that occurred in childhood.
• Driving a car or bicycle after a long period of inactivity.

See also: Memory types