The no metals They are a group of elements that are located on the right side of the periodic table, with the exception of hydrogen that is located in group 1 (IA), along with the alkali metals. If you want to know what they are, you have to look at the upper right corner of the p block.
Nonmetal atoms are relatively small and their outer electronic shell has a high number of electrons. Among the non-metallic elements can be solids, liquids and gases; although most of them are in a gaseous state, several of them enriching the atmosphere.
A good part of nonmetals are present in all living beings in the form of compounds and macromolecules. For example: carbon, oxygen and hydrogen are present in all proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids.
Phosphorous is present in all nucleic acids and in some carbohydrates and lipids. Sulfur is found in many proteins. Nitrogen is part of all nucleic acids and proteins.
On the other hand, underground, methane gases and crude oil are composed almost entirely of non-metallic elements. In fact, hydrocarbons (carbon and hydrogen) give an idea of how abundant non-metals are despite their lower number of elements in the periodic table..
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Since ancient times (3750 BC) the Egyptians used coal to reduce the copper present in their minerals, such as corvellite and malachite.
In 1669, Hennin Brand succeeded in isolating phosphorus from collected urine. Henry Cavendish (1776) succeeded in identifying hydrogen, although several researchers, including Robert Boyle (1670), produced hydrogen by reacting a strong acid with a metal.
Carl Scheele produced oxygen by heating oxide of mercury with nitrates (1771). Curtois managed to isolate iodine, while trying to prepare saltpeter from seaweed (1811). Balard and Gmelin isolated bromine (1825).
In 1868, Janssen and Lockger independently discovered helium by observing a yellow line in the study of the spectrum of sunlight that did not belong to another element. Moissan succeeded in isolating fluorine (1886).
In 1894, Lord Rayleigh and Ramsey discovered argon by studying the properties of nitrogen. Ramsay and Travers (1898) isolated krypton, neon, and xenon from liquid argon by cryogenic distillation of air..
Some of the physical properties of non-metals are:
-They have low electrical conductance, except for carbon in the form of graphite, which is a good conductor of electricity..
-They can appear under the physical appearance of solids, liquids or gases.
-They have low thermal conductance, except for carbon in the form of diamond, which does not behave as a thermal insulator..
-They have low luster, unlike the metallic luster of metals.
-Non-metallic solids are brittle, so they are not ductile or malleable.
-They have low melting and boiling points.
-They can have different crystalline structures. Thus phosphorus, oxygen and fluorine have a cubic crystalline structure; hydrogen, carbon and nitrogen, hexagonal; and sulfur, chlorine, bromine and iodine, orthorhombic.
Nonmetals are characterized by having a high ionization energy and a high electronegativity value. Fluorine, for example, has the highest electronegativity (3.98), being the most reactive element of the nonmetals.
But surprisingly, the noble gases helium (5.5) and neon (4.84) have the highest electronegativity. However, they are chemically inert because the outer electronic shells are filled..
Nonmetals form ionic compounds with metals, and covalent with nonmetals.
Non-metallic elements are found forming diatomic molecules, linked by covalent bonds. Meanwhile, the atoms of noble gases are in the form of atomic units.
They form acidic oxides that, when reacting with water, give rise to acids.
It is made up of hydrogen, a colorless and odorless gas, diatomic. Oxidation state +1. It has a lower density than air. In the solid state it has a hexagonal crystalline structure. Hydrogen is a poorly reactive element.
Carbon is the only non-metal in this group. Carbon in the form of graphite is a lustrous solid, with a hexagonal crystalline structure. It has a high electrical conductivity. Its most common oxidation states are +2 and +4.
Colorless and odorless gas. It is a slightly reactive element and slightly more dense than air. Most common oxidation states: -3 and +5. Forms diatomic molecules, Ntwo.
Solid, its color can be white, yellow or black. Little reactive. Orthorhombic crystal structure. Electronegativity 2.1. Most common oxidation states: -3 and +5.
Colorless or pale blue gas, odorless. Generally non-reactive. Cubic crystal structure. It is an insulator and a strong oxidizing agent. Electronegativity 3.5. Oxidation state -2
Brilliant yellow solid, brittle, moderately reactive. Orthorhombic crystal structure. Forms covalent bonds. Electronegativity 2.5. Most common oxidation states: -2, +2, +4, and +6.
Solid gray or reddish to black. Gray selenium exhibits light sensitive electrical conductivity. It is a soft and brittle solid. Electronegativity 2.4. Oxidation states: -2, +2, +4 and +6.
It is a pale yellow gas, very toxic. It is a very reactive element. It occurs as diatomic molecules, Ftwo. In solid state it crystallizes in cubic form. Electronegativity 3.98. Oxidation states -1.
It is a green-yellow gas. It presents diatomic molecules, Cltwo. It is very reactive. In solid state the crystalline structure is orthorhombic. Electronegativity 3.0. Oxidation states: - 1, +1, +3, +5, +7.
It is a red-brown liquid. Electronegativity 2.8. Oxidation states -1, +1, +3, +5 and +7.
It is a black solid that when sublimated emits a violet vapor. Orthorhombic crystal structure. Metal iodides are ionic. Electronegativity 2.5. Oxidation states: -1, +1, +3, +5, and +7.
It is a solid black. Face-centered cubic crystal structure. Electronegativity 2.2. It is a weak oxidizing agent.
It has a high thermal conductivity. Electronegativity 5.5. It is chemically inert and non-flammable. Low density and high fluidity.
High cooling capacity in liquid state. Electronegativity 4.84. It is the least reactive of the noble gases.
It is denser than air. Chemically inert. Electronegativity 3.2.
Electronegativity 2.94. May react with fluorine to form krypton difluoride (KrFtwo).
It crosses the blood-brain barrier. It responds to electric current by producing light. Electronegativity 2.2. Forms complexes with fluorine, gold, and oxygen.
It is a radioactive element. Electronegativity 2.06. Forms compounds with fluorine (RnFtwo) and with oxygen (RnO3).
It is used in rocket propulsion and as a fuel in car engines that use hydrogen. It is used in the synthesis of ammonia (NH3) and in the hydrogenation of fats.
Graphite is used in the manufacture of pencils and high-strength fibers that are used in the manufacture of sporting goods. Diamond is used as a gem of great value and in drill holes as an abrasive. Carbon dioxide is used in the production of carbonated beverages.
It is used in the production of ammonia, nitric acid and urea. Nitrogen is an essential element for plants and is used in the manufacture of fertilizers.
White phosphorus is used as a rodenticide, insecticide, and in the fireworks industry. Red phosphorus is used to make matches. Its compounds are also used in the production of fertilizers.
Oxygen is used in the manufacture of steel, plastics and textiles. It is also used in rocket propellants, oxygen therapy, and breathing assistance in aircraft, submarines, and spaceflight..
It is used as a raw material for the production of sulfuric acid, gunpowder and in the vulcanization of rubbers. Sulfites are used to bleach paper and in fungicide.
It is used to impart a scarlet red tint to glass. It is also used to neutralize the greenish tinge produced by contamination of the glass with iron compounds. It is used in photoelectric cells with application in doors and elevators.
It is added to toothpastes to prevent cavities. Hydrogen fluoride is used as a raw material for Teflon. Monatomic fluorine is used in the manufacture of semiconductors.
It is used in extractive metallurgy and in the chlorination of hydrocarbons for the manufacture of various products such as PVC. Chlorine is used in wood pulp and textile bleaches. It is also used as a water disinfectant.
It is used in the preparation of silver bromide for light-sensitive lenses and in photographic film It is also used in the manufacture of the sedative sodium bromide and dibromethane, an antiknock component of gasoline.
Potassium iodide (KI) is added to prevent thyroid goiter. Tincture of iodine is used as an antiseptic and germicide. Iodine is part of the thyroid hormones.
It is used in the filling of hot air balloons and mixed with oxygen for deep water respiration. It is used for welding in an inert atmosphere, and also helps to maintain very low temperatures in research.
In glass tubes that are illuminated by the action of electricity (red neon lights).
Used to create an atmosphere for welding and when filling incandescent bulbs.
A mixture of xenon and krypton is used in the production of high intensity flashes in short photographic exposures.
It is used in the treatment of cancerous tumors by radiotherapy.
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